CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study
Language is known as a means of communication which is used by human. “Language is as a system of communication in speech and writing which is used by people of a particular country” (Bull, 2008: 247). Language has a wide field and actually, language is a complex matter to be defined; whereas, language is often used in the daily life as a means to convey our thoughts and feelings, as the following statement:
Language is a complex, specialized skill, which develops in the child spontaneously, without conscious effort or formal instruction, is deployed without awareness of its underlying logic, is qualitatively the same in every individual, and is distinct from more general abilities to process information or behave intelligently.
(Pinker’s via Brown, 2000: 5)
According to the statement above, language develops naturally and spontaneously from the people were child. Besides that, other experts tried to define what the language is in different context but that can be a completer for other definitions. One of the definitions is “language is a system of arbitrary conventionalized vocal, written, or gesture symbols that enable members of a given community to communicate intelligibly with one another” (Brown, 2000: 5). So, language is as a system and a tool which is really useful for communicating each other and language is not only focused on speaking, but also on listening, reading and writing.
There are so many languages in the world based on the country such as Indonesian, English, France, Russian, Japanese, Indian, Korean, Arabic, Chinese, etc. As Indonesian people, definitely, it will be a hard matter if learning other languages, such as English. As we know, English is a foreign language in Indonesia, so, the Indonesian people are seldom to use it in the daily life. Therefore, the learners should give all of their best effort in learning English.
Learning the foreign language such as English is not an easy matter. The learners should master the skills and the components of language. Mastering the skills and the components of language should be also done in each language. The skills of language consist of listening, speaking, reading and writing; meanwhile, the components of language consist of vocabulary, pronunciation, grammar and spelling. Those skills and components of language are related each other. As an example, when someone wants to convey his thought or his feeling by writing, he has to pay attention to not only the vocabulary and spelling, but also the grammar. It is because grammar is a rule to arrange the words into understandable sentence. In addition, “grammar refers to how we combine, organize and change parts of words, words and groups of words to make meaning” (Spratt, Pulverness and Williams, 2011: 8). So, we should also pay attention to the grammar in writing the sentence in order to carry the meaning and understandable to read.
Unfortunately, in mastering those skills and components of language, there are some learners who make the error, especially in grammar. According to Spratt, Pulverness and Williams (2011: 62), they stated that the learners who make an error cannot correct their error by their own selves. So, the teacher should correct the error made by the learners.
Grammar cannot be separated with words and sentences, because based on the explanation above; grammar is a rule to organize the words into understandable sentence. There are four types of sentence; simple sentence, compound sentence, complex sentence and compound complex sentence. Those types of sentence have their own features, so the students should be able to differentiate among them. But, it is going to be a hard matter if the learners should differentiate among them, so let us begin to differentiate simple sentence and compound sentence. It is because based on the experience of the writer; there are some friends of the writer who make an error in differentiating simple sentence and compound sentence. So, the writer would like to do the research which focused only on the error in differentiating simple sentence and compound sentence made by students on sixth semester at Bogor Ibn Khaldun University.
B. Limitation of the Problem
It is impossible for the writer to analyze all types of error in such a limited time. Therefore, the writer restricts the research on the error which made by students at sixth semester who have got the Grammar subject at Bogor Ibn Khaldun University in differentiating simple sentence and compound sentence.
C. Statement of the Problem
Since learners’ error regarded as a crucial and significant matter, the writer decided to collect, identify, classify and analyze them by using written test. The writer would like to know the error made by the students on sixth semester at Bogor Ibn Khaldun University in differentiating simple sentence and compound sentence. By analyzing the students’ error, the writer hopes to be able to find out a good solution. The writer interred to try to answer the following question:
1. What is the most common error made by students’ ability in differentiating simple sentence and compound sentence?
2. What are the causes of the error made by students’ ability in differentiating simple sentence and compound sentence?
D. Purposes of the Study
Dealing with the statement of the problems, the purposes of the research are stated as follows:
1. To know the most common error made by students’ ability in differentiating simple sentence and compound sentence
2. To know the causes of the error made by students’ ability in differentiating simple sentence and compound sentence.
E. Research Methodology
1. Research Method
In this research, the writer would like to use the qualitative research method to analyze and to describe the error made by students’ ability in differentiating simple sentence and compound sentence. Qualitative research method is producing the descriptive result. Another explanation of qualitative research method is as follows:
Penelitian kualitatif bertitik tolak dari paradigma fenomenologis yang objektivitasnya dibangun atas rumusan tentang situasi tertentu sebagaimana yang dihayati oleh individu atau kelompok sosial tertentu, dan relevan dengan tujuan dan penelitian itu (refleksi). tujuan penelitian ini yaitu untuk memahami situasi tertentu.
(Putra, 2011: 190)
The writer would like to analyze the students’ answer to know the most common error made by students’ ability in differentiating simple sentence and compound sentence and to know the causes of the error made by students’ ability in differentiating simple sentence and compound sentence. The writer would like to present the table and the percentage to measure the data.
2. Population and Sample
Population is needed in doing the research. Population is the object whom data we take. In addition, “Populasi ialah semua nilai baik hasil perhitungan maupun pengukuran, baik kuantitatif maupun kualitatif, dari pada karakteristik tertentu mengenai sekelompok objek yang lengkap dan jelas” (Usman dan Akbar, 2008: 181). The writer takes the students on sixth semester at Bogor Ibn Khaldun University as a population of the research.
Sample is the represented from the population. Based on http://www.en.wikipedia.net, sample is the population elements which are chosen by the basic representative and the research will be done to study of population. Selecting the sample is very important to do the research. So, the writer takes the students on sixth semester who have got the Grammar subject at Bogor Ibn Khaldun University. Specifically, the writer takes 10 students on sixth semester from each class to collect the data needed.
3. Instruments
Instrument is a tool for collecting data or information needed. The writer uses a test as the instrument of the research. The test is given to know and to identify the most common error made by students’ ability in differentiating simple sentence and compound sentence and the cause of the error. The result of the test will be taken for the students on sixth semester who have got the low, mediocre and high score of the Grammar subject at Bogor Ibn Khaldun University.
4. The Procedure of Collecting Data
In collecting the data, the writer would like to use qualitative research method. To analyze the error made by students’ ability in differentiating simple sentence and compound sentence, the writer needs the data from the test answered by the students.
To make it easier, the writer will do some steps in collecting the data from the test:
a. Distributing the test to the students
b. Supervising the students while the test is going on
c. Collecting the answer sheet after they finished the test
d. Analyzing the answer sheet of the students to find out the most common error made by students’ ability in differentiating simple sentence and compound sentence and the cause of the error.
5. The Procedure of Analyzing Data
The writer would like to give the students a test related to simple sentence and compound sentence. The test consists of 15 sentences which consist of 7 simple sentences and 8 compound sentences which will be answered by identifying them to differentiate simple sentence and compound sentence. The answer or the result from the test will be collected, identified, classified and analyzed by the writer as the data analysis of the research to know the most common error made by students’ ability in differentiating simple sentence and compound sentence and the cause of the error.
F. Organization of the Paper
This paper consists of four chapters, they are:
Chapter I : This chapter is the Introduction which consist the explanation of the background of the study, limitation of the problem, statement of the problem, purposes of the study, research methodology (the research method, population and sample, instruments, the procedure of collecting the data, the procedure of analyzing the data) and the organization of the paper.
Chapter II : This chapter is the Theoretical Foundation which consists of the explanation based on the theory of error, the differences between error and mistake and the error analysis. It also explains the grammar, types of sentences (simple sentence, compound sentence, complex sentence, and compound complex sentence), conjunctions and the error analysis of students’ ability in differentiating simple sentence and compound sentence.
Chapter III : This chapter is the Data Analysis and Findings. It consists of the explanation of data analysis (time and location, research method, population and sample, research instrument, the procedure of collecting the data, the procedure of analyzing the data) and the findings (data recapitulation, data analysis, the most common error made by students’ ability in differentiating simple sentence and compound sentence, the cause of the error made by students’ ability in differentiating simple sentence and compound sentence.
Chapter IV : This chapter is the Conclusions and the Suggestions. It consists of the explanation about the conclusion and the suggestion from the writer.
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